Abscess: A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissues, often caused by bacterial infection. Commonly occurs at the root of a tooth and can lead to swelling, pain, and sensitivity. Treatment typically involves drainage, antibiotics, and sometimes, a root canal procedure.
Amalgam: Traditionally, dental fillings were made from amalgam—a durable and affordable mixture of metals like silver, mercury, tin, and copper. These fillings were commonly used for molars due to their strength. However, amalgam fillings have become outdated due to their metallic appearance and the advancement of more aesthetically pleasing and biocompatible materials. At Smile Centre, we prioritize modern, safe, and natural-looking options like composite resin fillings to ensure durability and appearance.
Anesthesia: A medication used to numb a specific area or induce sleep to prevent pain during dental procedures. Types of anesthesia include local anesthesia (numbing a specific part of the mouth), sedation (reducing awareness and anxiety), and general anesthesia (rendering the patient unconscious for more complex procedures).
Apicoectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the tip of a tooth’s root to treat infection or inflammation that persists after a root canal treatment. The procedure involves making an incision in the gum tissue to access and remove the affected root tip and surrounding infected tissue.
Attrition: The gradual loss of tooth structure due to grinding or wear over time. Common in individuals with bruxism (teeth grinding), attrition can lead to sensitivity, changes in bite alignment, and the need for restorative treatments such as crowns or veneers.
Abutment: A structure that supports or stabilizes a dental prosthesis, such as a bridge or implant. In the case of dental implants, the abutment connects the implant to the crown or denture.
Alveolar Bone: The part of the jawbone that surrounds and supports the teeth. Loss of alveolar bone can occur due to periodontal disease, tooth loss, or trauma and may require bone grafting for dental implants.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta: A rare genetic condition affecting enamel formation, leading to teeth that are discoloured, fragile, or abnormally shaped. Treatment options include crowns, veneers, or bonding to improve function and aesthetics.
Ankylosis: A condition where a tooth becomes fused to the surrounding bone, preventing normal movement. This can occur in baby or permanent teeth and may require extraction if it affects oral health or alignment.
Anodontia: A rare congenital condition characterized by the absence of some or all teeth. Treatment often involves prosthetic solutions like dentures, bridges, or implants to restore function and appearance.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: The use of antibiotics before certain dental procedures to prevent infections, particularly for patients with specific medical conditions such as heart valve disease or joint replacements.
Air Abrasion: A minimally invasive technique using a stream of fine particles to remove decay or prepare teeth for restorations without a dental drill. Often used for small cavities or surface treatments.
Braces: Orthodontic devices used to straighten teeth and correct bite issues by gradually shifting teeth into proper alignment. Braces can be made from various materials, including metal, ceramic, or clear plastic, and may incorporate wires, brackets and bands, or clear plastic aligners . Treatment duration varies depending on the severity of misalignment and patient compliance.
Bruxism: The habitual grinding or clenching of teeth, often during sleep, which can lead to tooth damage, jaw pain, headaches, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Common treatments include wearing a nightguard, stress management techniques, and sometimes Botox injections to relax the jaw muscles.
Bonding: A procedure in which a tooth-coloured resin is applied and hardened with a special light to restore or improve a person’s smile. Bonding is commonly used to repair chipped, cracked, or discoloured teeth, close gaps, or reshape teeth. It is a cost-effective and minimally invasive cosmetic treatment.
Bitewing: A type of dental X-ray that captures the upper and lower teeth in one area, focusing on the crowns of the teeth. Bitewing X-rays often detect cavities between teeth, assess bone levels, and monitor restorations like fillings or crowns for potential issues.
Bicuspid: Also known as premolars, these are transitional teeth located between the molars and the canines. Bicuspid teeth are used for tearing and grinding food. Adults typically have eight premolars—two on each side of the upper and lower jaws.
Biopsy: A diagnostic procedure involving the removal of a small sample of tissue from the mouth to test for abnormalities such as oral cancer, infections, or other diseases. Biopsies can be incisional (removing a small portion of abnormal tissue) or excisional (removing the entire lesion).
Bleaching: A cosmetic dental procedure used to whiten teeth by removing stains and discoloration. This can be done in-office using stronger bleaching agents or at home with custom-fitted trays or over-the-counter products. Bleaching is effective for most surface stains but may not work on intrinsic discoloration.
Bridge: A fixed dental restoration used to replace one or more missing teeth by anchoring artificial teeth (pontics) to adjacent natural teeth or implants. Bridges help restore function, prevent teeth from shifting, and improve aesthetics.
Buccal: Refers to the surface of a tooth that faces the cheek. Buccal surfaces are commonly associated with molars and premolars and are a key focus area during routine cleanings to remove plaque and debris.
Biocompatible Materials: Materials used in dentistry that are compatible with the body’s natural tissues and minimize allergic or inflammatory reactions. Examples include titanium for implants and composite resins for fillings.
Calculus (Tartar): Hardened dental plaque mineralized by calcium and phosphate deposits in saliva. Calculus adheres firmly to teeth and can accumulate above and below the gumline, contributing to gum disease and tooth decay. It can only be removed through professional dental cleaning, scaling and root planing.
Caries (Cavities): Decayed areas of a tooth caused by bacterial activity that produce acids from sugar and starch. These acids erode tooth enamel and dentin, leading to holes or structural damage. Untreated caries can result in pain, infection, and tooth loss. Depending on severity, treatment options include fillings, crowns, or root canals.
Crown: A dental restoration that covers or "caps" a damaged, decayed, or weak tooth to restore its shape, size, strength, and appearance. Crowns can be made from various materials, including porcelain, ceramic, metal, or a combination. They are also used to cover dental implants or support dental bridges.
Canal: A natural cavity within the root of a tooth containing the pulp, which consists of nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. During root canal therapy, the canal is cleaned, disinfected, and sealed to treat infection or damage while preserving the tooth.
Composite Resin: A tooth-coloured filling material made from plastic and fine glass particles. Composite resins repair decayed, chipped, or fractured teeth, providing a natural appearance. They are durable and bond well to the tooth structure, making them a popular cosmetic and restorative dentistry choice.
Canker Sores (Aphthous Ulcers): Small, painful ulcers that develop on the soft tissues inside the mouth, such as the inner cheeks, lips, or tongue. Canker sores are not contagious and typically heal independently within one to two weeks. Treatment includes topical medications, mouth rinses, and avoiding irritants like spicy foods.
Cephalometric X-ray: A diagnostic radiograph that captures a side view of the skull, including the jaw, teeth, and surrounding structures. It is commonly used in orthodontics to evaluate jaw alignment, monitor growth, and plan treatment for braces or other appliances.
Clenching: The act of tightly pressing the upper and lower teeth together, often due to stress, anxiety, or bruxism. Chronic clenching can lead to tooth wear, fractures, and jaw pain. Treatment may involve stress management, mouthguards, or orthodontic adjustments.
Cosmetic Dentistry: A branch of dentistry focused on improving the appearance of teeth, gums, and overall smile aesthetics. Standard procedures include teeth whitening, veneers, bonding, and crowns. Cosmetic dentistry often overlaps with restorative treatments to enhance both function and aesthetics.
Cyst: A fluid-filled sac or pocket that can form in the jawbone, gums, or around the roots of teeth. Dental cysts may develop due to infection, trauma, or impacted teeth and can cause swelling, discomfort, or damage to surrounding structures. Treatment typically involves surgical removal.
Chairside Manner: How a dentist or dental professional interacts with patients during treatment. A positive chairside manner includes clear communication, empathy, and attentiveness, which can help alleviate dental anxiety and improve the patient experience.
Ceramic Restorations: Dental restorations made from high-quality ceramic materials, such as porcelain, mimic the natural colour and translucency of teeth. Ceramic restorations are commonly used for crowns, veneers, and bridges due to their durability and aesthetic appeal. They are often fabricated in office using milling and 3D printing technology.
Cone Beam CT (CBCT): An advanced 3D imaging technique that provides detailed views of teeth, bones, soft tissues, and nerve pathways. CBCT is often used in implant planning, orthodontics, root canals, and the evaluation of complex dental conditions.
Dentin: The layer of tissue beneath the enamel and surrounding the pulp. Dentin is softer and more porous than enamel, making it susceptible to cavities and sensitivity. When enamel wears down or is damaged, the underlying dentin can be exposed, leading to discomfort, particularly when eating hot, cold, or sweet foods.
Dentures: Removable prosthetic devices designed to replace missing teeth and surrounding tissues. They come in two main types: complete dentures (which replace all the teeth in the upper or lower jaw) and partial dentures (which fill in gaps left by some missing teeth). Dentures help restore function and appearance and are custom-made to fit the patient's mouth.
Dry Socket: A painful condition after a tooth extraction occurs when the blood clot at the extraction site either fails to form or is dislodged, exposing the bone and nerve endings. A dry socket typically causes severe pain and may require medical treatment to manage symptoms and promote healing.
Deep Cleaning (Scaling and Root Planing): A non-surgical dental procedure used to treat gum disease. It involves removing plaque and tartar from below the gumline (scaling) and smoothing the tooth roots (root planing) to promote healing and prevent bacteria buildup.
Enamel: The hard, outermost layer of a tooth that serves as a protective barrier against decay, physical damage, and extreme temperatures. Composed mainly of minerals, enamel is the hardest substance in the human body but can be damaged by acids from food and drink, bacteria, or physical wear like grinding.
Endodontics: A specialized field of dentistry that focuses on treating the tooth pulp and the tissues surrounding the roots. The most common procedure in endodontics is a root canal, which treats infections or damage within the pulp. Endodontic procedures are necessary when a tooth becomes severely infected, or its nerve is damaged.
Erosion: The loss of tooth structure caused by acids that wear down enamel over time. Erosion can be caused by dietary habits (such as acidic foods and beverages like citrus or soda), acid reflux, or frequent vomiting. The result is thinner, more fragile enamel, leading to increased sensitivity and a higher risk of cavities.
Extraction: The removal of a tooth from its socket, typically due to extensive decay, infection, overcrowding, or damage that cannot be repaired. Extractions are a last resort when other treatment options like fillings or root canals are not viable. Wisdom teeth are commonly extracted, which often emerge later in life and cause problems due to lack of space.
Exostosis: A benign growth of bone, often occurring on the jawbone's surface. It can affect the alignment of teeth or cause discomfort when it presses against the gums or other tissues. Exostosis is usually treated if it leads to functional problems or pain.
Eruption: The process by which a tooth breaks through the gum line and becomes visible in the mouth. This occurs during childhood for primary (baby) teeth and continues with the eruption of permanent teeth. Wisdom teeth often erupt in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Empyema: A collection of pus in a cavity of the body, which, in dental terms, may refer to an abscessed tooth or infection that causes pus to form in the gums, jawbone, or surrounding tissues.
Fluoride: A naturally occurring mineral that helps to strengthen tooth enamel, making it more resistant to decay. Fluoride can be found in drinking water, toothpaste, and mouth rinses. It works by remineralizing areas of enamel weakened by acids, thereby preventing cavities and reducing tooth sensitivity.
Filling: A restorative material used to repair a cavity after decayed or damaged tooth tissue has been removed. Fillings restore the tooth's shape and function. They come in various materials, including amalgam (silver), composite resin (tooth-coloured), porcelain, and gold, each offering different benefits in terms of durability, appearance, and cost.
Fissure Sealant: A thin, protective coating applied to the grooves (fissures) on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth (molars and premolars). The sealant helps prevent cavities by avoiding food particles and bacteria that can accumulate in these deep grooves, which are difficult to clean with brushing alone. Fissure sealants are beneficial for children and those at higher risk of cavities.
Full Mouth Reconstruction: A comprehensive dental treatment plan that restores or replaces all the teeth in a patient's mouth. This procedure is often necessary when a person has extensive tooth damage, decay, or functional issues, such as bite misalignment or missing teeth. To restore function and aesthetics, full mouth reconstruction may involve multiple procedures, including crowns, bridges, implants, veneers, fillings, and orthodontic treatment.
Flap Surgery: A surgical procedure performed to treat advanced gum disease. The gums are lifted back during flap surgery to remove tartar and bacteria from deep pockets. The gums are then repositioned and secured. This surgery helps to restore healthy gum tissue and prevent further bone and tooth loss caused by periodontitis.
Fixed Bridge: A dental restoration used to replace one or more missing teeth by anchoring an artificial tooth (pontic) to adjacent teeth (abutments) with crowns. Fixed bridges are cemented into place and are not removable, providing a stable and durable solution for tooth loss.
Frenectomy: A surgical procedure to remove or adjust the frenulum, a small tissue fold restricting movement. This can be performed on the upper or lower lip or tongue. It’s commonly done if the frenulum causes restricted movement (such as a tongue-tie) or impacts oral function, like speaking or eating.
Fluorosis: A condition caused by excessive fluoride exposure, usually in children during the development of their teeth. It can lead to discoloration, mottling, or spots on the enamel. While typically mild, in severe cases, fluorosis can lead to enamel defects that may require cosmetic treatment.
Functional Orthodontics: An orthodontic treatment that corrects misalignments by altering how teeth and jaws function. It can involve using appliances like expanders or functional braces to improve bite and jaw alignment, which is often recommended in growing children.
Facial Aesthetic Dentistry: A sub-specialty of cosmetic dentistry that focuses on the relationship between a patient’s teeth, gums, and overall facial appearance. Procedures may include veneers, crowns, or orthodontic treatments that enhance the smile and complement the patient's facial features.
Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums caused by plaque accumulation along and under the gum line. Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease and is typically characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums, particularly when brushing or flossing. It is usually reversible with proper oral hygiene, but if left untreated, it can progress to more severe gum disease (periodontitis).
Gums (Gingiva): The soft, pink tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth, acting as a barrier to protect the underlying bone and roots. The gums play a crucial role in oral health, as healthy gums prevent bacteria and plaque from accumulating around the teeth and causing infections or tooth loss. Good gum care includes regular brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings.
Gum Recession: The gradual process of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth pulling back and exposing the tooth root. Gum recession can occur due to poor oral hygiene, gum disease, aging, aggressive brushing, or genetic factors. As the gum tissue recedes, it can lead to tooth sensitivity, increased risk of cavities, and aesthetic concerns. Treatment options may include gum grafting, scaling and root planing, or lifestyle changes.
Grinding (Bruxism): The act of clenching or grinding the teeth, usually unconsciously, often occurring during sleep or times of stress. Bruxism can lead to worn-down teeth, tooth fractures, jaw pain, headaches, and even temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. It may be managed with lifestyle changes, stress reduction, and mouthguards to protect the teeth from further damage.
Granuloma: A localized area of chronic inflammation that forms due to infection, injury, or a foreign body. In dental terms, a granuloma often refers to a periapical granuloma, an infection at the tip of the tooth’s root, often caused by untreated decay or infection within the tooth pulp. This condition can lead to abscesses if not treated.
Gingivectomy: A surgical procedure that involves the removal of infected or excess gum tissue to treat gum disease or to improve the appearance of the gums. Gingivectomy is typically performed in severe gum disease (periodontitis), where deep pockets of infection have formed around the teeth.
Gingival Pocket: The space between the tooth and the gum, measured in millimetres. This pocket is shallow when the gums are healthy (around 1–3 millimetres). A deepening of the pocket can signal gum disease as bacteria accumulate within the pocket, leading to inflammation and infection. Regular dental cleanings can help keep these pockets shallow and healthy.
Gingival Hyperplasia: An overgrowth or swelling of the gum tissue, which can occur due to medications (such as phenytoin for epilepsy), hormonal changes, or as a reaction to certain diseases. This condition can make it more difficult to clean the teeth properly and may lead to an increased risk of gum disease if left untreated.
Good Oral Hygiene: Practices that help to maintain clean teeth and healthy gums, including brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily, and using mouthwash to help reduce plaque buildup. Regular dental visits are also important to monitor and maintain good oral hygiene, as professional cleanings remove plaque and tartar that can’t be removed at home.
Gum Disease (Periodontitis): A more severe form of gum disease that occurs when gingivitis progresses, and the infection spreads to the underlying tissues and bone. It can lead to the loss of tooth-supporting bone and, in severe cases, tooth loss. Symptoms include gum recession, persistent bad breath, loose teeth, and deep pockets between the teeth and gums. Treatment often involves scaling and root planing, surgery, or other procedures to clean and restore gum health.
Halitosis: Chronic bad breath is often caused by bacteria buildup in the mouth, poor oral hygiene, gum disease, or issues such as dry mouth, sinus infections, or gastrointestinal problems. Halitosis can also result from certain foods, like garlic or onions, or conditions like smoking. Treatment typically involves improving oral hygiene, mouthwash, staying hydrated, and addressing underlying health conditions.
Hybrid Dentures: A type of denture that combines elements of both fixed and removable dentures. Hybrid dentures are supported by dental implants, offering a more secure fit and function than traditional dentures. These prosthetics are designed for patients who have lost multiple teeth and need a stable, long-term solution. Unlike traditional dentures that rest on the gums, hybrid dentures are anchored into place with implants, offering improved comfort and functionality.
Hygienist: A dental professional who specializes in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, including performing cleanings, scaling, and root planing. Hygienists also educate patients on proper brushing and flossing techniques and the impact of diet and lifestyle choices on oral health. They play a key role in helping patients maintain healthy teeth and gums through preventive care.
Healing Abutment: A temporary device placed on a dental implant after it has been surgically placed in the jawbone. The healing abutment helps to shape the gum tissue around the implant site, ensuring proper healing before a permanent crown, bridge, or denture is placed.
Hematoma: A localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, which may occur in the mouth after a dental procedure, such as an extraction or surgery. Hematomas can cause swelling and discomfort but typically resolve independently with time.
Hyperdontia is characterized by extra teeth beyond the expected count of 20 primary teeth or 32 permanent teeth. These extra teeth, known as supernumerary teeth, may cause crowding, alignment issues, or other dental complications and require removal.
Herpetic Lesions: Sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can appear in the mouth. These lesions are commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters. They can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty eating but usually heal independently with antiviral treatment.
Hyaluronic Acid (HA): A substance naturally found in the body, often used in cosmetic dentistry procedures to improve the appearance of the gums or as a filler for enhancing lip volume. Hyaluronic acid may also promote healing in soft tissues after surgery or treat gum recession in dental treatments.
Hydroxyapatite is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite that makes up many human teeth and bones. In dentistry, hydroxyapatite is used in remineralizing toothpaste and other oral care products to help restore enamel, strengthen teeth, and prevent cavities.
Horizontal Bone Loss: The loss of bone in the jaw along the horizontal plane, often seen in patients with periodontal disease. This type of bone loss can cause teeth to become loose or shift, requiring surgical intervention to restore bone structure and prevent further complications.
Implant: A dental implant is a titanium post surgically placed in the jawbone to act as a replacement for a missing tooth root. Once the implant has fused with the bone (a process called osseointegration), it provides a stable foundation for a crown, bridge, or denture. Implants are durable, natural-looking, and function similarly to natural teeth, offering an effective long-term solution for tooth loss.
iTero: A state-of-the-art digital scanning system used in dentistry to create highly accurate 3D images of a patient’s teeth and gums. The iTero scanner replaces traditional dental impressions, offering a more comfortable and precise experience for procedures like Invisalign treatments, dental crowns, bridges, and implants. This technology allows for faster, more accurate treatment planning and improved patient outcomes.
Impacted Tooth: An impacted tooth is one that fails to fully emerge through the gums, often due to a lack of space in the mouth or improper positioning. Common examples include wisdom teeth and canines. Impacted teeth can cause pain, swelling, and damage to adjacent teeth and may require extraction or surgical intervention to alleviate discomfort and prevent complications.
Inlay: A dental restoration custom-made outside of the mouth, typically in a dental laboratory, to fit into a cavity or area of tooth decay. Inlays are usually made of durable materials such as porcelain, gold, or composite resin. They are used to repair moderate to large cavities, preserving more of the tooth's natural structure than traditional fillings. The inlay is then cemented into place during a follow-up visit.
Invisalign: Invisalign is a popular brand of clear aligners used to straighten teeth. These aligners are custom-made to fit over the teeth and gradually shift them into the desired position over time. Invisalign offers a discreet and comfortable alternative to traditional metal braces, as the aligners are removable and nearly invisible. They are typically used for mild to moderate orthodontic issues, such as crooked teeth, overbites, and underbites.
Interdental Brush: A small, cylindrical brush designed to clean the spaces between teeth, known as interdental spaces. These brushes are handy for patients with braces, implants, or wider spaces between their teeth. They can help remove plaque and food particles that regular toothbrushes may miss, promoting better oral hygiene and gum health.
Incisor: A type of tooth located at the front of the mouth, with four incisors in the upper jaw and four in the lower jaw. Incisors are sharp and flat, designed for cutting food. They are the first teeth to appear in a child's mouth and play an essential role in speech and appearance.
Incisal Edge: The biting edge of an incisor or cuspid tooth. The part of the tooth makes contact with the opposing teeth when chewing or biting. The incisal edge may wear down over time due to excessive wear or grinding and may need to be reshaped or restored for functional or cosmetic reasons.
Infected Tooth: A tooth affected by bacteria, leading to infection within the pulp (the soft tissue inside the tooth). This infection can cause pain, swelling, and pus accumulation. If left untreated, it can lead to abscess formation or tooth loss. Root canal therapy is often needed to remove the infection and save the tooth.
Inflammation: The body's natural response to infection, injury, or irritation. In dentistry, inflammation often occurs in the gums, leading to gingivitis or periodontitis. Swelling, redness, and bleeding are common signs of inflammation, and treatment typically involves cleaning and addressing the underlying cause.
Ice Pack Therapy: Using a cold compress or ice pack on the face following dental procedures, particularly after tooth extractions or oral surgery. Ice helps reduce swelling and numb the area, relieving pain and inflammation during healing.
Jawbone (Mandible/Maxilla):
Jaw Pain: Jaw pain is discomfort in the jaw area, which can have many causes. Common causes include:
Jaw Alignment: How the upper and lower jaws come together when the mouth is closed. Proper alignment is crucial for normal chewing, speaking, and facial aesthetics. Misalignment can lead to various problems, including bite issues (malocclusion), jaw pain, and difficulty eating or speaking.
Jawbone Resorption: A condition where the jawbone deteriorates over time, often due to tooth loss or periodontal disease. The bone shrinks because it is no longer stimulated by the roots of teeth. This can lead to a loss of facial structure and may complicate procedures like dental implants. Bone grafting or implants can help restore the jawbone.
Joint Disorder (TMJ): Refers to problems with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which connects the jaw to the skull. TMJ disorders can cause pain, difficulty in jaw movement, and clicking or popping sounds. Symptoms may include jaw stiffness, headaches, and neck pain. The exact cause of TMJ disorders can vary but often involves injury, arthritis, teeth grinding, or misalignment of the bite.
Lingual: The lingual surface refers to the side of the teeth closest to the tongue. This term is commonly used in dentistry to describe the inner side of both upper and lower teeth. For example, a lingual brace is placed on the tongue-facing side of the teeth, making it a discreet orthodontic option. During cleanings, lingual surfaces are essential to consider as they are areas where plaque can accumulate.
Labial: The labial surface refers to the side of the front teeth (incisors and canines) that faces the lips. This term is primarily used in dentistry to describe the positioning of treatments, braces, or restorative materials.
Lateral Incisor: A lateral incisor is one of the four teeth next to the central incisors in both the upper and lower jaws. These teeth are smaller and sharper than central incisors, playing a role in biting and cutting food. Proper alignment and health of lateral incisors contribute to an aesthetically pleasing smile.
Laceration: A tear or cut in the oral soft tissues, such as the gums, cheeks, or tongue. Lacerations can occur due to trauma, accidents, or biting. They may require stitches or special care to promote healing and prevent infection.
Laser Dentistry: Lasers are used in dental procedures to treat soft or hard tissue. Laser dentistry offers a minimally invasive option for various procedures, including gum reshaping, cavity treatment, and teeth whitening. Benefits include reduced discomfort, faster healing, and more precise results.
Lesion: An abnormal change in oral tissue, such as a sore, ulcer, or white patch. Lesions can appear on the gums, tongue, cheeks, or lips and may indicate underlying conditions, such as infections, irritation, or oral cancer. Regular dental check-ups are crucial for early detection and treatment of lesions.
Local Anesthesia: A medication is used to numb a specific mouth area during dental procedures, such as fillings, extractions, or root canals. Local anesthesia blocks nerve signals, ensuring the patient feels no pain during the treatment. It is typically administered via injection and wears off gradually after the procedure.
Lingual Braces: Orthodontic braces are placed on the inner, tongue-facing side of the teeth, making them virtually invisible from the outside. Lingual braces are popular for patients seeking a discreet method to straighten teeth.
Lip Frenulum: A small fold of tissue that connects the inside of the lip to the gums. If the frenulum is too tight or short, it may cause issues such as a gap between the front teeth or difficulty in lip movement. A frenectomy, a minor surgical procedure, can correct these issues.
Malocclusion: Misalignment of the teeth and jaws can lead to functional and aesthetic issues. Types of malocclusion include:
Molars: Molars are the large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth designed for grinding and chewing food. Adults typically have 12 molars, including four wisdom teeth (third molars). These teeth are essential for proper digestion as they break down food into smaller particles. Molars often have deep grooves, making them susceptible to cavities, which can be prevented with proper oral hygiene and fissure sealants.
Mouthguard: A custom-fitted or store-bought protective device worn over the teeth to prevent injury. Types of mouthguards include:
Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD): A custom oral appliance used to treat obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. The device repositions the lower jaw and tongue slightly forward, keeping the airway open during sleep.
Maxillary Sinus: A hollow cavity is above the upper jaw (maxilla) and behind the cheeks. Dental infections or procedures, such as extractions or implants in the upper jaw, can sometimes affect the maxillary sinus. Sinus lift surgery is a standard procedure to create additional bone height for dental implants in this area.
Margin: The edge where a dental restoration, such as a crown or filling, meets the natural tooth. A precise margin is crucial for proper fit, longevity, and decay or gum irritation prevention.
Mandibular Tori: Bony growths that occur along the inner side of the lower jaw. These benign growths are usually harmless but may require removal if they interfere with oral function or the placement of dental appliances.
Median Line (Midline): The imaginary line that divides the dental arch into left and right halves. An ideal midline aligns with the center of the face, contributing to a symmetrical smile. Deviations from the midline can result from crowding, tooth loss, or malocclusion.
Mucosa: The soft, moist tissue that lines the inside of the mouth, including the cheeks, gums, and tongue. Oral mucosa acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in sensing temperature, texture, and pain.
Mineralization: The process by which calcium and other minerals are deposited in tooth enamel and bones, strengthening them. Fluoride promotes enamel remineralization, which helps reverse early signs of decay and prevent cavities.
Mixed Dentition: The transitional phase in children is when they have both primary (baby) and permanent (adult) teeth. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 and is critical for monitoring dental development and identifying potential alignment issues.
Mesial: Refers to the surface of a tooth closest to the dental arch's midline. For example, a molar's mesial surface is the side facing the adjacent tooth closer to the center of the mouth.
Nightguard: A custom-fitted dental appliance designed to protect teeth from damage caused by bruxism (teeth grinding) and clenching during sleep. Nightguards are typically made from durable materials like acrylic and are tailored to fit snugly over the teeth.
Nitrous Oxide: A sedative gas commonly used during dental procedures to reduce anxiety and pain. Known as "laughing gas," nitrous oxide induces a relaxed state without putting the patient to sleep.
Nerve Block: A local anesthetic injection blocks sensation in a specific area, such as the lower jaw (mandibular nerve). Nerve blocks are essential for pain control during dental procedures like extractions, root canals, and implant placement.
Necrotizing Periodontal Disease: A severe gum condition characterized by tissue necrosis (death), painful ulcers, and bad breath. This disease is often associated with poor oral hygiene, smoking, or immune system compromise. Immediate treatment, including cleaning, antibiotics, and improved oral care, is necessary to prevent further damage.
Non-Vital Tooth: A tooth that no longer has living nerve tissue within its pulp due to trauma, infection, or decay. Non-vital teeth are often treated with root canal therapy to remove the damaged tissue and restore function.
Nasal Cavity and Oral Connection: Sometimes, the nasal and oral cavities can connect, such as after an upper molar extraction near the maxillary sinus. Dentists take precautions to prevent or treat these connections, which may lead to complications like sinus infections.
Nano-Hybrid Composite: A modern type of dental filling material that combines nano-sized particles with traditional composites for improved strength and aesthetics. Nano-hybrid composites are used for anterior and posterior restorations due to their durability and natural appearance.
Nutrition and Oral Health: The relationship between diet and dental health. Proper nutrition, including calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride, is essential for strong teeth and bones. Sugary and acidic foods should be minimized to prevent cavities and erosion.
Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: A non-invasive treatment for gum disease that includes scaling and root planing to remove plaque and tartar from below the gum line. This approach helps reduce inflammation and promotes gum reattachment to the teeth.
Nicotine Staining: Discoloration of teeth caused by tobacco use. Nicotine stains are typically yellow or brown and can affect the enamel and oral soft tissues. Professional cleanings and teeth whitening are effective solutions.
Occlusion: How the upper and lower teeth align and come into contact when the mouth is closed. Proper occlusion is essential for adequate chewing, speech, and oral health.
Oral Surgery: A specialized field of dentistry involving surgical procedures within the oral cavity. Common types of oral surgery include:
Orthodontics: A branch of dentistry focused on diagnosing and treating irregularities in teeth and jaws. Orthodontic treatments improve aesthetics, function, and overall oral health.
Oral Pathology: The study and diagnosis of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. Conditions include oral cancer, leukoplakia, lichen planus, and fungal infections. Early detection through routine check-ups is crucial for effective treatment.
Onlay: A custom dental restoration is similar to a filling but covers a more significant portion of the tooth. Onlays are used when a tooth is too damaged for a filling but don’t require a full crown. They are typically made of porcelain or composite resin for durability and aesthetics.
Oral Cancer: A potentially life-threatening condition involving malignant growths in the mouth or throat. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. Symptoms include persistent sores, lumps, or difficulty swallowing. Regular screenings help with early detection and treatment.
Overdenture: A type of removable denture that fits over and is supported by natural teeth or dental implants. Overdentures provide more excellent stability and comfort compared to traditional dentures.
Osteointegration: The process by which a dental implant fuses with the jawbone creates a stable foundation for prosthetic teeth. This natural bonding ensures durability and functionality for dental implants.
Occlusal Guard: A protective device is worn over the teeth to prevent damage from bruxism (teeth grinding) or clenching. It is similar to a nightguard but may also be used during the day in severe cases.
Oral Hygiene: Maintaining clean and healthy teeth and gums through regular brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings. Good oral hygiene prevents cavities, gum disease, and bad breath.
Osteomyelitis of the Jaw: A rare but serious infection of the jawbone, often resulting from untreated dental infections or trauma. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and fever, requiring prompt medical and surgical intervention.
Plaque: A sticky, colourless film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth and gums. Plaque is the leading cause of cavities, gum disease, and bad breath.
Prosthodontics: A specialized branch of dentistry focused on designing, creating, and fitting artificial teeth and other oral prosthetics to restore functionality and aesthetics.
Pulp: The innermost part of a tooth consists of soft tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. The pulp plays a crucial role in tooth development but can become infected or inflamed due to decay or trauma.
Periodontics: The branch of dentistry focuses on preventing, diagnosing, and treating gum (periodontal) diseases.
Partial Dentures: Removable dental appliances used to replace one or more missing teeth in a dental arch. Partial dentures are attached to the remaining natural teeth with clasps or precision attachments and are more affordable than implants or bridges.
Pit and Fissure Sealants: Thin, protective coatings are applied to the grooves of molars and premolars to prevent cavities. Sealants are especially beneficial for children and teenagers, as their back teeth are more prone to decay.
Periapical Abscess: A collection of pus at the tip of a tooth's root caused by bacterial infection.
Panoramic X-ray: A diagnostic imaging technique that provides a broad view of the entire mouth, including teeth, jaws, sinuses, and temporomandibular joints (TMJ). Panoramic X-rays help in diagnosing impacted teeth, tumours, or jaw disorders.
Prophylaxis: A professional dental cleaning removes plaque, tartar, and stains. Prophylaxis is essential for maintaining healthy teeth and gums and is typically performed every six months during routine dental visits.
Porcelain Veneers: Thin porcelain shells bonded to the front of teeth to improve their appearance. Veneers correct discoloration, chips, gaps, and misalignment, providing a natural-looking smile.
Posterior Teeth: The back teeth, including premolars and molars, pare rimarily responsible for chewing and grinding food. Proper care and regular check-ups are essential to prevent cavities and wear in posterior teeth.
Palate: The roof of the mouth is divided into the hard palate (bony front part) and the soft palate (muscular back part). The palate plays a vital role in speech and separating the nasal and oral cavities.
Periodontal Pocket: A space that forms between the tooth and gum due to gum disease. Deep periodontal pockets indicate advanced gum disease and may require scaling, root planing, or surgical intervention.
Provisional Crown: A temporary crown is laced over a tooth while waiting for the permanent crown to be fabricated. Provisional crowns protect the tooth and maintain its function during the interim period.
Root Canal: A dental procedure used to treat infection or damage within a tooth's pulp and root canals.
Resin: A composite material commonly used in modern dentistry for restorative purposes.
Radiograph (Dental X-Ray): An imaging technique used to capture detailed views of the teeth, gums, and jawbone.
Recession (Gum Recession): The process where the gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, exposing the roots.
Retention: The phase of orthodontic treatment that follows active tooth movement, where retainers are used to maintain the new position of teeth.
Restoration: Any dental procedure that restores the function and appearance of a tooth.
Resorption: The breakdown and absorption of bone or tooth tissue.
Retreatment (Endodontic Retreatment): A second root canal procedure occurs when the initial treatment fails or a new infection occurs.
Ridge Augmentation: A surgical procedure to rebuild the jawbone is often performed before placing dental implants.
Removable Prosthetics: Dentures or partial dentures that can be taken out of the mouth.
Rubber Dam: A thin latex or non-latex material sheet isolates the treatment area during dental procedures.
Sealant: A thin, plastic coating is painted on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth (molars and premolars).
Scaling: A professional cleaning procedure that removes plaque, tartar (calculus), and stains from the teeth.
Sensitivity (Dentin Hypersensitivity): A condition where teeth experience discomfort or pain when exposed to certain stimuli.
Soft Tissue Graft: A surgical procedure to restore receded gums by transplanting tissue from one mouth area to another.
Sinus Lift (Sinus Augmentation): A surgical procedure that adds bone to the upper jaw near the molars and premolars to support dental implants.
Smile Makeover: A combination of cosmetic dental treatments designed to improve the appearance of a person’s smile.
Splint (Dental Splint): A device used to stabilize teeth or the jaw.
Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous lining inside the mouth.
Supernumerary Teeth: Extra teeth develop in addition to the typical set.
Sutures (Dental Sutures): Stitches are used in oral surgery to close incisions and promote healing.
Saliva: A clear liquid produced by the salivary glands is essential for oral health.
Space Maintainer: A dental device is used in children to hold space for permanent teeth after a baby tooth is lost prematurely.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ): The hinge joint connects the lower jaw (mandible) to the skull's temporal bone, located in front of each ear.
Tooth Whitening: Cosmetic procedures dare esigned to remove stains and discoloration, resulting in a brighter smile.
TMD (Temporomandibular Disorder): A collection of conditions affecting the TMJ and the surrounding muscles.
Tartar (Calculus): Hardened plaque forms on teeth and below the gumline when plaque isn’t removed regularly.
Third Molars (Wisdom Teeth): The last set of molars usually erupts between ages 17-25.
Tooth Decay (Caries): The destruction of tooth enamel is caused by bacteria producing acids from sugar.
Temporary Filling: A short-term solution used to protect a tooth before a permanent restoration.
Tooth Sensitivity: Pain or discomfort in teeth due to exposed dentin.
Tongue Tie (Ankyloglossia): A condition where the tongue's movement is restricted due to a tight or short lingual frenulum (the band of tissue under the tongue).
Teething: The process of primary (baby) teeth erupting through the gums in infants.
Temporary Crown: A provisional restoration is laced over a tooth while the permanent crown is fabricated.
Veneers: Thin, custom-made shells designed to cover the front surface of teeth to enhance their appearance.
Vitality Test: A diagnostic procedure used to assess the health of a tooth’s pulp.
Vertical Dimension: The space between the upper and lower jaws when the teeth are in contact.
Vestibular Surface: The outer surface of the teeth that faces the lips or cheeks.
Venous Plexus of the Mouth: A network of interconnected veins located beneath the mucosa of the oral cavity.
Vinyl Polysiloxane (VPS): An advanced material used in dental impressions.
Viscoelastic Resin Cement: A dental adhesive uis sed for bonding restorations like crowns, bridges, and veneers.
Vicarious Trauma in Dentistry: Emotional impact dental professionals may experience when treating patients with severe dental issues or trauma.
Volumetric Shrinkage: The reduction in vthe olume of dental materials like composites during curing.
Vital Bleaching: A tooth whitening technique performed on teeth with live, healthy pulp.
Wisdom Teeth: The third set of molars typically emerges in the late teens or early twenties.
Whitening Strips: Thin, flexible plastic strips coated with a peroxide-based gel whiten teeth.
Water Flosser: A device that uses a pressurized stream of water to clean between teeth and along the gumline.
Worn Dentition: Gradual loss of tooth structure caused by wear and tear over time.
Wavelength in Dentistry: Refers to the specific light used in dental lasers.
Wisdom Tooth Cyst: A fluid-filled sac may develop around an impacted wisdom tooth.
Wax Bite: A diagnostic tool used in dentistry to record how a patient’s upper and lower teeth come together.
Wet Bonding Technique: A method used in dental restorations where the dentin surface is kept moist to enhance the bonding strength of adhesives.
White Spot Lesions: Early signs of enamel demineralization appear as opaque white areas on the teeth.